Experience
Roguelike Games usually have an experience system as the core player advancement method.
This system is manifested as Levels and Experience Points (XP); the combination of both concepts conform what is called an 'experience curve'; a function of the required experience points to advance to the next level based in the current level. Most games have experience curves which make each level increasingly difficult to attain.
Some games have magic spells and skills attached to experience, so that you get a new spell or skill on leveling up; some other allow you to expend a selection of stats points on character attributes or skill levels.
The experience levels define how experienced a character is on surviving inside the game world; they are usually related to the strength and overall performance of the character. If you obtain a number of experience points, via monster killing or another means determined by the game, you may ascend to the next level. This leveling up becomes increasingly difficult according to the experience curve of the game.